Production of knowledge in recent decades has exploded at an unbelievably fast pace, resulting in the vast progress of science in recent years. Generation of data and knowledge are occurring so quickly that processing and managing that knowledge has become problematic in many societies. Although much of this knowledge and data might never be converted into applicable technology, recent Scientific progress has caused astonishing change and improvement in human life. There is a general consensus that Scientific progress could be considered an important indicator to measure societies’ development.

Despite the critical importance of science and knowledge in the international arena and the necessity of promoting science on a global scale, certain countries are now subjected to widespread Scientific discrimination with detrimental effects. Known as Scientific Apartheid, this form of discrimination warrants careful consideration and calls for Scientific and legal investigation. Hence, this study aims to identify legal challenges and gaps in international regulations and organizations. For this purpose, a descriptive-analytical approach is employed to address the following inquiries. What is the legal stance on Scientific Apartheid in international law? What challenges and gaps exist in this domain? According to the research findings, although laws and regulations have been implemented within the realm of international law to address Scientific discrimination and Apartheid, there are major gaps that must be taken into account. These gaps include UNESCO’s narrowed scope of activity, a broad and ambiguous definition of discrimination without specific examples provided, inadequate assurance of law enforcement, outdated and insufficient international legal provisions, the influence of certain countries in international organizations, and the absence of criminalization of Scientific discrimination in international legal frameworks.

Apartheid means separation and segregation and separate development of geographically diverse ethnic groups. In light of the passage of liberal and Marxist theories of discourse analysis, this article reviews the nature of Apartheid policies in the occupied territories since 1948. The article attempts to answer the question that what was the articulation and Israeli Apartheid discourse formation process? The research hypothesis is that Apartheid discourse in the time of articulation, exploited from identity making and equivalence by relying on Judaism to use as an instrument for achieving its political benefits. The dialogue seeks to create a new meaning system through the bond- of various identities in a common project. Based on this, social order is comprised of different scattered elements. These different and sparse elements consist of the external elements and forces are immigrants who settled in Palestine. In fact, Zionism, integrated floating identities and deserted Jewish elements to create identity and meaning system in the Occupied Territories through power mechanisms for legitimizing and abrading. This article is in two parts, the first part is due to the emergence of ethnic groups and geographic expansion and In the second part Israeli society by addressing a public space and assess the gaps and crises, stagnation, discourse hegemony and the emergence of competing discourses of Post Zionism is checked.

Discourse analysis as one of the methods of study of phenomenon in social science deals with systematic interaction of thoughts and ideas with social affairs. Each discourse system has three features viz. domination, opposition and agency and it tries to dominate all organs of the society so that it should justify its existence. When the discourse system loses its justifying power its forces try spontaneously to redefine its discourse to adapt itself with new situation. The present article in the light of discourse analysis intends to examine the differences and similarities between the Apartheid discourse in former South Africa and Israel. As such the question raised by the article is what are the differences and similarities between the Apartheid discourse and Israel? The underlying hypothesis is that in formation of Apartheid discourse in both regions two elements of foreign factor, ideology and religion have played essential role. From the viewpoint of security and identity both regimes witnessed the dominance of geopolitics of war. Both the regimes differ from each other from the viewpoint of role of geopolitics in their sustenance and the nature of their formation.

Purpose: Clustering and co-word analysis is a method to reveal relationships and links and illustrate the intellectual structure of a Scientific field. This research tries to study the intellectual structure of articles in the field of futures studies in Iran by using the technique of co-word analysis. Method: The current research is a descriptive-analytical development with a scientometric approach. The statistical population is 921 articles retrieved records in the field of futures studies. Findings: The findings showed that articles in the field of futures studies in Iran are often associated with positive growth, and in terms of frequency, the keywords scenario, Islamic Republic, and foresight are the most frequent in futures studies. The findings related to the hierarchical clustering led to the formation of 8 clusters in this field, namely "ICT visions", "geographers who love the future", "knowledge development", " Futuristic higher education", "Future of Religion", "Regional Relations", "Strategic Foresight" and "Heavy Weight of Method". Conclusion: According to the findings of the current research and the high frequency of the keyword scenario, as well as the density and relationships of this keyword with other keywords, it can be concluded that the scenario is the dominant approach in futures studies. Also, according to the resulting clusters, it was observed that these researches have a high variety, but addressing the future in many areas is still neglected.

Our analysis of Popper’s philosophy of science focuses on his concepts of tradition and situational analysis. These concepts represent innovative Popperian contributions to a historical and hermeneutical turn in philosophy of science that most of his critics, especially Kuhn, fail to recognize. According to his historical view, Popper conceives sciences as a complex of traditions in continuous transformation and progress by means of rational discussion of theories. In order to grasp the rational progress of Scientific traditions, Popper proposes an original method that he calls “situational analysis”. This hermeneutical method seeks to understand the concepts, hypotheses, actions, practices, controversies and products that scientists made to solve problems in their specific historical contexts to improve the truth content of theories. In addition to his historical and hermeneutical turn, Popper also inquired about the social and political conditions for the progress of Scientific traditions by means of intersubjective criticism of theories and conjectures. According to him, the rational discussion of ideas requires, as necessary conditions, plurality of ideas, intellectual humility, and freedom of thought and communication that can only exist in an open and democratic society. With these considerations, we may say that in addition to a historical and hermeneutical turn, Popper also contributed to a social and political turn in the philosophy of science

Objective: Professional sports, as a pivotal field for promoting the economy, culture, and communication of the Iranian sports sector, face challenges such as human and cultural discrimination. These challenges affect not only the stadium environment and team management but also players and fans. The purpose of this study is to develop scenarios for addressing Apartheid management styles in Iranian professional sports clubs, focusing on human and cultural discrimination. Methodology: The present study employed a qualitative approach, combining data-based theory with the Charms constructivist framework. In this study, a multi-faceted scenario planning approach was employed to develop future scenarios for addressing the Apartheid management style in Iranian professional sports clubs, utilizing stakeholders' perspectives on critical trends and uncertainties to create action-oriented strategies. The participants of the present analytical and exploratory research included 23 domestic and foreign stakeholders of Iranian professional sports who were selected based on purposive sampling. Data collection was done by interview and an open questionnaire. Data analysis was done with Leipzig and Rolandberger’s six-step scenario-writing model. Results: After implementing the six-step scenario-writing process, the output of the 360-degree stakeholder feedback tool included 29 main factors that could potentially influence the future of confronting the Apartheid management style in Iranian professional sports clubs. Two key uncertainties were identified: "the impact of government policies and legal regulations on sports management" and "the impact of sanctions and financial needs on sports management." Four scenarios were presented. Finally, the strategy of "Sports cohesion: achieving justice and financial sustainability" was presented as the primary strategy of this research. Conclusion: Cohesion helps strengthen trust between members of the sports community, creates a sense of fairness and justice in access to sports opportunities, and increases the financial sustainability and better performance of clubs.